Tessaro, L., Bandieri, E., Costa, G., Fornasier, G., Iorno, V., Pizza, C., . . . Micheletto, G. (2010). Use of oxycodone controlled-release immediately after NSAIDs: A new approach to obtain good pain control. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 14(2), 113–121.
To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of controlled-release (CR) oxycodone as first-line therapy in patients with chronic pain not relieved by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Patients with NSAID-refractory chronic pain were treated with oral oxycodone CR twice daily for at least 28 days. Dosage was individualized for each patient and up-titrated over the first week of treatment. Primary end point was reduction in numeric rating scale (NRS) for pain. Secondary end points were tolerability, quality of life, and patient assessment of treatment efficiency.
Multisite
Prospective
Data revealed a significant decrease (57%) in pain intensity during the first week of therapy: a decrease in NRS pain score from 7.85 + 1.4 to 3.35 + 1.8 (p < 0.00001). Overall, by the end of the study, NRS pain score had decreased 72.3% from baseline. Quality of life improved significantly (p < 0.005) during oxycodone therapy, and 91% of patients rated the treatment as effective or very effective.
Historically, according to guidelines of the World Health Organization, oxycodone CR has been reserved for step 3 of treatment. This study examines earlier use of oxycodone CR in the management of chronic cancer and noncancer pain, as a first-line treatment after NSAIDs. The results of this study warrant consideration because earlier, more effective pain control enhances quality of life.
The study has a risk of bias due to no appropriate control group.
Pain management must be individualized. Controlled-release opioids may be useful as an intervention after NSAIDs. However, randomized control-group research comparing the results of studies that use CR opioids in step 2 would be of value.
Terkawi, A.S., Durieux, M.E., Gottschalk, A., Brenin, D., & Tiouririne, M. (2014). Effect of intravenous lidocaine on postoperative recovery of patients undergoing mastectomy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 39, 472–477.
To test the effects of intraoperative IV lidocaine on postoperative recovery
Prior to surgery, patients were randomized to receive lidocaine infusion or placebo of normal saline. This was given as a bolus prior to anesthetic induction in a dose up to 1.5 mg/kg. Two hours after arrival to the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), patients were given an infusion of lidocaine or placebo at 2 mg/kg per hour for up to two hours or discharge from the PACU. All patients had general anesthesia, but specific agents used and postoperative analgesia were not standardized. Pain was assessed at 2, 24, and 48 hours, and opioid consumption was documented.
There were no significant differences between groups in pain scores or overall opioid consumption.
Perioperative IV lidocaine was not shown to reduce postoperative pain or opioid consumption.
Use of perioperative IV lidocaine did not have an effect on postoperative pain or need for analgesics in this study. Study investigators pointed out that there are some mixed findings in this area, and that efficacy of perioperative infusion of anesthetics may differ according to the extent and type of surgery.
Tepler, I., Elias, L., Hussein, M., Rosen, G., Chang, A.Y., Moore, J.O., . . . Kaye, J. A. (1996). A randomized placebo-controlled trial of recombinant human interleukin-11 in cancer patients with severe thrombocytopenia due to chemotherapy. Blood, 87, 3607–3614.
Tei, Y., Morita, T., Nakaho, T., Takigawa, C., Higuchi, A., Suga, A., . . . Fujimoto, M. (2008). Treatment efficacy of neural blockade in specialized palliative care services in Japan: A multicenter audit survey. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 36(5), 461–467.
To ascertain the frequency of neural blockade in certified palliative care units and by palliative care teams; to determine the efficacy of neural blockade interventions and explore the predictors of successful interventions
Co-researchers from 120 certified palliative care units and 20 palliative care teams reported on all patients who received neural blockade for pain control 2002–2003.
Retrospective chart review
All types of neural blockade studied—epidural, plexus, and intrathecal—were associated with reduction in pain intensity, improvement in performance status, and decrease in opioid consumption. No type was associated with significant improvement in communication level or decrease in delirium. Groups receiving plexus block or epidural experienced an improvement in performance status. Patients in the epidural and intrathecal groups reduced use of opiods, but patients in the plexus block group did not.
Of patients receiving palliative care services in Japan, 3.8% required neural blockade for pain control. The percentage is similar in Western countries. Study findings suggest that neural blockade can decrease pain intensity, improve performance status, and decrease opioid consumption, without causing serious adverse effects. Of 19 patients who had a neural blockade, six showed a decrease in delirium.
Neural blockade may be a useful intervention for a select group of patients who are receiving inadequate pain control from traditional opioids.
Tayyem, A.Q. (2014). Cryotherapy effect on oral mucositis severity among recipients of bone marrow transplantation: A literature review. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 18, E84–E87.
STUDY PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of cryotherapy on oral mucositis in patients receiving myeloablative conditioning followed by bone marrow transplantation (BMT)
TYPE OF STUDY: Systematic review
PHASE OF CARE: Active antitumor treatment
Oral cryotherapy before, during, and after chemotherapy infusion reduced oral mucositis incidence, severity, and pain.
Small number of studies was looked at. Three of the six studies were greater than five years old.
Cryotherapy is a simple, low-cost, effective way of decreasing mucositis in some patients. The proper administration of cryotherapy is important for the best results possible. Nurses need to understand the instructions of how and when to administer cryotherapy and enlist the patient's and caregivers' help in administering it.
Taylor, D., Galan, V., Weinstein, S.M., Reyes, E., Pupo-Araya, A.R., Rauck, R., & Fentanyl Pectin Nasal Spray 043 Study Group. (2010). Fentanyl pectin nasal spray in breakthrough cancer pain. The Journal of Supportive Oncology, 8(4), 184–190. Retrieved from http://jso.imng.com/jso/journal/articles/0804184.pdf
To determine the efficacy and tolerability of intranasal fentanyl spray (INFS) in the treatment of cancer-related breakthrough pain
Eligible patients went through an open dose-titration phase to determine an effective individual dose of the study drug. In the double-blind phase, patients were given 10 “blinded” bottles containing either the determined dose of INFS or placebo. The bottles were in a randomly assigned sequence. Each patient self-administered a maximum of four doses per day. If relief was inadequate at 30 minutes or if a separate episode of breakthrough pain occurred within a four-hour period, patients could take their usual rescue medication for analgesia. After each treatment episode, subjects recorded relief scores at timed intervals and rated overall satisfaction by means of an electronic diary. Self-reported adverse events were recorded throughout the study, and the study clinician directly assessed nasal condition at the beginning and end of the study.
Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled multiple-crossover study
INFS is effective for the relief of breakthrough cancer pain for some patients and, as administered in this study, is not associated with severe and prevalent adverse effects.
For the short term, INFS is effective for the management of breakthrough pain episodes for some patients with cancer. Nurses should be aware of the need for assessment of nasal symptoms with INFS use. The fact that slightly more than 20% of patients did not find an effective and tolerable dose of INFS is a reminder that effective pain management, which includes management of breakthrough episodes, needs to be highly individualized to be effective. INFS appears to be a useful part of the set of strategies to manage cancer-related pain. Despite strong evidence from this study, in regard to the immediate effect of INFS, research has not ascertained the effects of long-term INFS use.
Tavakoli Ardakani, M., Ghassemi, S., Mehdizadeh, M., Mojab, F., Salamzadeh, J., Ghassemi, S., & Hajifathali, A. (2016). Evaluating the effect of Matricaria recutita and Mentha piperita herbal mouthwash on management of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 29, 29–34.
To evaluate the effectiveness of an herbal mouthwash containing Matricaria recutita and Mentha piperita to placebo for the control of oral mucositis among patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT)
Patients were randomized to placebo or the herbal mouthwash. The herbal mouthwash was formulated with 1% peppermint oil, 1% dried extract of Matricaria recutita (chamomile) and ethanol. The placebo was similar in taste, odor, and color. Both formulations were tested to ensure sterility. One week prior to HCT, patients began the intervention, diluting the mouthwash in preboiled water. They were instructed to gargle with the mouthwash for 30 seconds and then spit it out. The mouthwash was used three times daily after meals. All patients were instructed in oral care and used salt and chlorhexidine mouthwashes three times daily.
PHASE OF CARE: Active antitumor treatment
Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, controlled trial
No difference in incidence of oral mucositis or time of onset existed between groups. The duration of mucositis was less in the treatment group (p < 0.0001). Patients in the treatment group had lower maximum grades of mucositis (p = 0.006) and lower average daily mucositis grades (p = 0.04). Pain (p = 0.009), oral dryness (p = 0.04), and dysphagia (p = 0.0009) were less severe in the treatment group. Fewer patients in the treatment group required additional treatments, such as narcotics for pain or parenteral nutrition (p < 0.05).
Oral rinses with a chamomile and peppermint mouthwash was associated with a lower severity and shorter duration of oral mucositis.
The findings suggest that an oral rinse containing chamomile and peppermint may be helpful for the management of oral mucositis in patients undergoing HCT. Oral mucositis is a common toxicity with high-dose chemotherapy, and few interventions have been shown to be effective. Additional research on the use of chamomile for oral rinses is warranted, and research should include evaluation of oral rinses as an adjunct to other interventions shown to have efficacy.
Tausch, C., Baege, A., Dietrich, D., Vergin, I., Heuer, H., Heusler, R.H., & Rageth, C. (2013). Can axillary reverse mapping avoid lymphedema in node positive breast cancer patients? European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 39, 880–886.
To report the experience with a new technique, axillary reverse mapping (ARM), in patients scheduled for axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) and to evaluate its usefulness for reducing the incidence of lymphedema
For the intervention group, blue dye was injected subcutaneously along the intermuscular groove of the upper inner arm; radioisotope was injected subcutaneously in the interdigital webspace of the hand. All blue and radioactive lymph vessels and lymph nodes were recorded. Only unsuspicious ARM lymph nodes located in the lateral part of the axillary basin were preserved. All other level I and II axillary lymph nodes were removed. One follow-up was conducted at a median of 19 months.
ARM was performed in 143 patients subsequently undergoing ALND. ARM lymph nodes were successfully identified in 112 patients (78%). In 55 patients, at least one ARM lymph node had to be removed. In 14 of these, tumor involvement was confirmed. In 71 patients, one or more ARM nodes were preserved. During a median follow-up time of 19 months, no axillary recurrence was noted. Thirty-five of 114 evaluated patients developed lymphedema. Preservation of ARM lymph nodes did not significantly decrease the incidence of lymphedema
ARM is feasible for patients with node-positive breast cancer. However, the study found no evidence that it reduces the incidence of lymphedema.
Larger studies with rigorous design are needed to evaluate whether preservation of clinically unsuspicious ARM nodes is oncologically safe and effective in preventing secondary lymphedema in patients with breast cancer.
Tatsushima, Y., Egashira, N., Narishige, Y., Fukui, S., Kawashiri, T., Yamauchi, Y., & Oishi, R. (2013). Calcium channel blockers reduce oxaliplatin-induced acute neuropathy: A retrospective study of 69 male patients receiving modified FOLFOX6 therapy. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 67, 39-42.
Determine whether treatment with calcium channel blockers prevented oxaliplatin-induced acute neuropathy
Retrospective chart review was conducted to obtain data, and analysis was performed to determine differences in neuropathy symptoms between patients who were and were not on calcium channel blockers.
PHASE OF CARE: Active antitumor treatment
Two-group, retrospective, cross-sectional
The incidence of acute neurotoxicity was lower in the calcium channel group; however, no differences existed related to chronic neuropathy.
Patients receiving calcium channel blockers may experience less acute neurotoxicity than those not receiving calcium channel blockers, but more well-designed studies are needed before any conclusions can be made.
More studies are needed before any clinical implications can be made.
Tatrow, K., & Montgomery, G.H. (2006). Cognitive behavioral therapy techniques for distress and pain in breast cancer patients: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(1), 17–27.
To determine effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) techniques in alleviating distress and pain in patients with breast cancer
The search retrieved 61 studies. Investigators eliminated some on the basis of the exclusion criterion; meta-analysis involved 20 studies. Authors defined CBT very broadly: Interventions included relaxation; guided imagery; hypnosis; biofeedback; and approaches combining cognitive restructuring, skill trainingt, and other strategies to enhance problem solving and coping. Authors do not describe the specific procedure used to evaluate study quality.
Authors noted that 69% of patients in treatment groups did better than controls with respect to pain. Regarding pain, effect size (d) was 0.49 (95% CI 0.09–0.90, p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis comparing individual versus group interventions showed that intervention format had no effect on pain.
Findings suggest that CBT techniques produced a small to medium effect, as defined by the study, regarding the reduction of the pain of women with breast cancer.
Findings suggest that, for women with breast cancer, CBT may be a helpful adjunct to pain management. This finding is limited by the broad definition of CBT that this study employed. This study determined effect size on the basis of statistics. Future studies should define the type of change that is meaningful to patients—that is, change in symptoms.